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Micron Document

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Selenium

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the software testing framework, see <a href="Selenium_(software)" title="Selenium (software)">Selenium (software)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Selenium, 34Se</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Selenium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data">/sɪˈliːniəm/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-selenium.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-selenium.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-selenium.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-selenium.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Naomi_Persephone_Amethyst_%28NaomiAmethyst%29-selenium.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a>ⓘ (sil-EE-nee-əm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">grey metallic-looking, red, and vitreous black (not pictured) allotropes</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style>Ar°(Se)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>78.971±0.008<a href="#cite_note-CIAAWselenium-1">[1]</a></li><li>78.971±0.008 (<a href="Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Selenium in the <a href="Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">

<td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a>

</td></tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a>

</td>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a>

</td>

<td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> ← selenium → <a href="Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">34</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">group 16 (chalcogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s2 4p4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> at <a href="Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">494 <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (220.85 °C, 429.53 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">958 K (685 °C, 1265 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">gray: 4.81 g/cm3 alpha: 4.39 g/cm3 vitreous: 4.28 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">3.99 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1766 K, 27.2 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">gray: 6.69 <a href="Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">95.48 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.363 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content; width:-webkit-fit-content; width:fit-content;">

<th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa)

</th>

<th>1

</th>

<th>10

</th>

<th>100

</th>

<th>1 k

</th>

<th>10 k

</th>

<th>100 k

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K)

</th>

<td>500

</td>

<td>552

</td>

<td>617

</td>

<td>704

</td>

<td>813

</td>

<td>958

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −2, +2, +4, +6

−1,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +5?</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.55 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 941.0 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2045 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2973.7 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 120 <a href="Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">190 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of selenium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">grey: <a href="Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a> (<a href="Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP3</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"></div>a = 436.46 pm c = 495.77 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">amorphous: 37 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">amorphous: 0.519 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Diamagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetic">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−25.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Young's_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.7 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.3 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3350 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Poisson's_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.33 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">736 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7782-49-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>, Greek goddess of the moon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> and <a href="Johann_Gottlieb_Gahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlieb Gahn">Johann Gottlieb Gahn</a> (1817)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="Isotopes_of_selenium" title="Isotopes of selenium">Isotopes of selenium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">

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</style></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">

<th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[10]</a>

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>

</th>

<th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a>

</th>

<th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> (t1/2)

</th>

</th>

<th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">72Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.40 d

</td>

<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">74Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.860%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">75Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">119.78 d

</td>

<td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">76Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.23%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">77Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.60%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">78Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">23.7%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.27×105 y

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">80Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">49.8%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">82Se

</th>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.82%

</td>

<td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.76×1019 y

</td>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>

Selenium is a <a href="Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Se and <a href="Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 34. It has various physical appearances, including a brick-red powder, a vitreous black solid, and a grey metallic-looking form. It seldom occurs in this elemental state or as pure <a href="Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> compounds in <a href="Earth's_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>. Selenium (from σελήνη 'moon') was discovered in 1817 by <a href="J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>, who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously discovered <a href="Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> (named for the Earth).

Selenium is found in metal sulfide ores, where it substitutes for sulfur. Commercially, selenium is produced as a <a href="Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproduct</a> in the refining of these ores. Minerals that are pure <a href="Selenide" title="Selenide">selenide</a> or <a href="Selenate" title="Selenate">selenate</a> compounds are rare. The chief commercial uses for selenium today are <a href="Glassmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassmaking">glassmaking</a> and <a href="Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>. Selenium is a <a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> and is used in <a href="Photocell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocell">photocells</a>. Applications in <a href="Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, once important, have been mostly replaced with <a href="Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> semiconductor devices. Selenium is still used in a few types of <a href="Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC power</a> <a href="Surge_protector" title="Surge protector">surge protectors</a> and one type of <a href="Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescent</a> <a href="Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dot</a>.

Although <a href="Essential_trace_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential trace element">trace</a> amounts of selenium are necessary for <a href="Cell_(biology)#Cellular_processes" title="Cell (biology)">cellular function</a> in many animals, including humans, both elemental selenium and (especially) selenium <a href="Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> are toxic in even small doses, causing <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Toxicity">selenosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Symptoms include (in decreasing order of frequency): diarrhea, fatigue, hair loss, joint pain, nail brittleness or discoloration, nausea, headache, tingling, vomiting, and fever.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20142570-12">[12]</a>

Selenium is listed as an ingredient in many multivitamins and other dietary supplements, as well as in <a href="Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a>, and is a component of the antioxidant enzymes <a href="Glutathione_peroxidase" title="Glutathione peroxidase">glutathione peroxidase</a> and <a href="Thioredoxin_reductase" title="Thioredoxin reductase">thioredoxin reductase</a> (which indirectly reduce certain <a href="Redox" title="Redox">oxidized</a> molecules in animals and some plants) as well as in three <a href="Deiodinase" title="Deiodinase">deiodinase</a> enzymes. Selenium requirements in plants differ by species, with some plants requiring relatively large amounts and others apparently not requiring any.<a href="#cite_note-Ruyle-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div>

Selenium forms several <a href="Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotropes</a> that interconvert with <a href="Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> changes, depending somewhat on the rate of temperature change. When prepared in chemical reactions, selenium is usually an <a href="Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a>, brick-red powder. When rapidly melted, it forms the black, vitreous form, usually sold commercially as beads.<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a> The structure of black selenium is irregular and complex and consists of <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> rings with up to 1000 atoms per ring. Black selenium is a brittle, lustrous solid that is slightly soluble in <a href="Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">CS2</a>. Upon heating, it softens at 50 °C and converts to gray selenium at 180 °C; the transformation temperature is reduced by presence of <a href="Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> and <a href="Amine" title="Amine">amines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ge-15">[15]</a>

The red α, β, and γ forms are produced from solutions of black selenium by varying the evaporation rate of the solvent (usually CS2). They all have a relatively low, <a href="Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> crystal symmetry (<a href="Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> 14) and contain nearly identical puckered cyclooctaselenium (Se8) rings as in <a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The eight atoms of a ring are not equivalent (i.e. they are not mapped one onto another by any symmetry operation), and in fact in the γ-monoclinic form, half the rings are in one configuration (and its mirror image) and half in another.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The packing is most dense in the α form. In the Se8 rings, the Se–Se distance varies depending on where the pair of atoms is in the ring, but the average is 233.5 pm, and the Se–Se–Se angle is on average 105.7°. Other selenium allotropes may contain Se6 or Se7 rings.<a href="#cite_note-ge-15">[15]</a>

The most stable and dense form of selenium is gray and has a <a href="Chiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral">chiral</a> <a href="Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagonal</a> crystal lattice (space group 152 or 154 depending on the chirality)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> consisting of helical polymeric chains, where the Se–Se distance is 237.3 pm and Se–Se–Se angle is 103.1°. The minimum distance between chains is 343.6 pm. Gray selenium is formed by mild heating of other allotropes, by slow cooling of molten selenium, or by condensing selenium vapor just below the melting point. Whereas other selenium forms are <a href="Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a>, gray selenium is a <a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> showing appreciable <a href="Photoconductivity" title="Photoconductivity">photoconductivity</a>. Unlike the other allotropes, it is insoluble in CS2.<a href="#cite_note-ge-15">[15]</a> It resists oxidation by air and is not attacked by nonoxidizing <a href="Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>. With strong reducing agents, it forms polyselenides. Selenium does not exhibit the changes in viscosity that sulfur undergoes when gradually heated.<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Isotopes_of_selenium" title="Isotopes of selenium">Isotopes of selenium</a></div>

Selenium has seven naturally occurring <a href="Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>. Five of these, 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, 80Se, are stable, with 80Se being the most abundant (49.6% natural abundance). Also naturally occurring is the long-lived <a href="Primordial_radionuclide" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial radionuclide">primordial radionuclide</a> 82Se, with a <a href="Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 8.76×1019 years.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[10]</a> The non-primordial radioisotope <a href="Selenium-79" title="Selenium-79">79Se</a> also occurs in minute quantities in <a href="Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ores as a product of <a href="Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>. Selenium also has numerous unstable <a href="Synthetic_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic isotope">synthetic isotopes</a> ranging from 64Se to 95Se; the most stable are 75Se with a half-life of 119.78 days and 72Se with a half-life of 8.4 days.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-21">[21]</a> Isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes primarily undergo <a href="Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">beta plus decay</a> to <a href="Isotopes_of_arsenic" title="Isotopes of arsenic">isotopes of arsenic</a>, and isotopes heavier than the stable isotopes undergo <a href="Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">beta minus decay</a> to <a href="Isotopes_of_bromine" title="Isotopes of bromine">isotopes of bromine</a>, with some minor <a href="Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">neutron emission</a> branches in the heaviest known isotopes.

<caption>Selenium isotopes of greatest stability

</caption>

<th>Isotope

</th>

<th>Nature

</th>

<th>Origin

</th>

<th>Half-life

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>74Se

</td>

<td>Primordial

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>76Se

</td>

<td>Primordial

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>77Se

</td>

<td>Primordial

</td>

<td>Fission product

</td>

<td>Stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>78Se

</td>

<td>Primordial

</td>

<td>Fission product

</td>

<td>Stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>79Se

</td>

<td>Trace

</td>

<td>Fission product

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>80Se

</td>

<td>Primordial

</td>

<td>Fission product

</td>

<td>Stable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>82Se

</td>

<td>Primordial

</td>

<td>Fission product*

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Selenium_compounds" title="Selenium compounds">Selenium compounds</a></div>

Selenium compounds commonly exist in the <a href="Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> −2, +2, +4, and +6. It is a <a href="Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">nonmetal</a> (more rarely considered a <a href="Metalloid" title="Metalloid">metalloid</a>) with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the <a href="Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, <a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, and also has similarities to <a href="Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ge-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcogen_compounds">Chalcogen compounds</h3></div>

Selenium forms two <a href="Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>: <a href="Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">selenium dioxide</a> (SeO2) and <a href="Selenium_trioxide" title="Selenium trioxide">selenium trioxide</a> (SeO3). Selenium dioxide is formed by combustion of elemental selenium:<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a>

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</style>Se + O2 → SeO2</div>

It is a <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> solid that forms monomeric SeO2 molecules in the gas phase. It dissolves in water to form <a href="Selenous_acid" title="Selenous acid">selenous acid</a>, H2SeO3. Selenous acid can also be made directly by oxidizing elemental selenium with <a href="Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>:<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-25">[24]</a>

Unlike sulfur, which forms a stable <a href="Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">trioxide</a>, selenium trioxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to the dioxide above 185 °C:<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-25">[24]</a>

Selenium trioxide is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of <a href="Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> <a href="Potassium_selenate" title="Potassium selenate">potassium selenate</a> (K2SeO4) and sulfur trioxide (SO3).<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>

<a href="Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">Salts</a> of selenous acid are called selenites. These include <a href="Silver_selenite" title="Silver selenite">silver selenite</a> (Ag2SeO3) and <a href="Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">sodium selenite</a> (Na2SeO3).

<a href="Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> reacts with aqueous selenous acid to produce <a href="Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">selenium disulfide</a>:

Selenium disulfide consists of 8-membered rings. It has an approximate composition of SeS2, with individual rings varying in composition, such as Se4S4 and Se2S6. Selenium disulfide has been used in shampoo as an anti<a href="Dandruff" title="Dandruff">dandruff</a> agent, an inhibitor in polymer chemistry, a glass dye, and a reducing agent in <a href="Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wiberg_holleman-25">[24]</a>

Selenium trioxide may be synthesized by dehydrating <a href="Selenic_acid" title="Selenic acid">selenic acid</a>, H2SeO4, which is itself produced by the oxidation of selenium dioxide with <a href="Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>:<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a>

Hot, concentrated selenic acid reacts with gold to form gold(III) selenate.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogen_compounds">Halogen compounds</h3></div>

Selenium reacts with <a href="Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> to form <a href="Selenium_hexafluoride" title="Selenium hexafluoride">selenium hexafluoride</a>:

In comparison with its sulfur counterpart (<a href="Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a>), <a href="Selenium_hexafluoride" title="Selenium hexafluoride">selenium hexafluoride</a> (SeF6) is more reactive and is a toxic <a href="Pulmonary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary">pulmonary</a> irritant.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <a href="Selenium_tetrafluoride" title="Selenium tetrafluoride">Selenium tetrafluoride</a> is a laboratory-scale <a href="Fluorinating_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorinating agent">fluorinating agent</a>.

The only stable <a href="Chloride" title="Chloride">chlorides</a> are <a href="Selenium_tetrachloride" title="Selenium tetrachloride">selenium tetrachloride</a> (SeCl4) and <a href="Selenium_monochloride" title="Selenium monochloride">selenium monochloride</a> (Se2Cl2), which might be better known as selenium(I) chloride and is structurally analogous to <a href="Disulfur_dichloride" title="Disulfur dichloride">disulfur dichloride</a>. Metastable solutions of <a href="Selenium_dichloride" title="Selenium dichloride">selenium dichloride</a> can be prepared from <a href="Sulfuryl_chloride" title="Sulfuryl chloride">sulfuryl chloride</a> and selenium (reaction of the elements generates the <a href="Selenium_tetrachloride" title="Selenium tetrachloride">tetrachloride</a> instead), and constitute an important reagent in the preparation of selenium compounds (e.g. Se7). The corresponding <a href="Bromide" title="Bromide">bromides</a> are all known, and recapitulate the same stability and structure as the chlorides.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a>

The <a href="Iodide" title="Iodide">iodides</a> of selenium are not well known, and for a long time were believed not to exist.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[30]</a> There is limited <a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> evidence that the lower iodides may form in bi-elemental solutions with nonpolar solvents, such as <a href="Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and <a href="Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[30]</a> but even these appear to <a href="Photosensitivity" title="Photosensitivity">decompose under illumination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a>

Some selenium oxyhalides—<a href="Seleninyl_fluoride" title="Seleninyl fluoride">seleninyl fluoride</a> (SeOF2) and <a href="Selenium_oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium oxychloride">selenium oxychloride</a> (SeOCl2)—have been used as specialty solvents.<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_selenides">Metal selenides</h3></div>

Analogous to the behavior of other chalcogens, selenium forms <a href="Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">hydrogen selenide</a>, H2Se. It is a strongly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/odiferous" class="extiw external" title="wikt:odiferous">odiferous</a>, toxic, and colorless gas. It is more acidic than H2S. In solution it ionizes to HSe−. The selenide dianion Se2− forms a variety of compounds, including the minerals from which selenium is obtained commercially. Illustrative selenides include <a href="Mercury_selenide" title="Mercury selenide">mercury selenide</a> (HgSe), <a href="Lead_selenide" title="Lead selenide">lead selenide</a> (PbSe), <a href="Zinc_selenide" title="Zinc selenide">zinc selenide</a> (ZnSe), and <a href="Copper_indium_gallium_diselenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper indium gallium diselenide">copper indium gallium diselenide</a> (Cu(Ga,In)Se2). These materials are <a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>. With highly electropositive metals, such as <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, these selenides are prone to hydrolysis, which may be described by this idealized equation:<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a>

Alkali metal selenides react with selenium to form polyselenides, Se2− n, which exist as chains and rings.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_compounds">Other compounds</h3></div>

Tetraselenium tetranitride, Se4N4, is an explosive orange compound analogous to <a href="Tetrasulfur_tetranitride" title="Tetrasulfur tetranitride">tetrasulfur tetranitride</a> (S4N4).<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> It can be synthesized by the reaction of <a href="Selenium_tetrachloride" title="Selenium tetrachloride">selenium tetrachloride</a> (SeCl4) with <a href="Metal_bis(trimethylsilyl)amides" title="Metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides">[((CH 3) 3Si) 2N] 2Se</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

Selenium reacts with <a href="Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanides</a> to yield <a href="Potassium_selenocyanate" title="Potassium selenocyanate">selenocyanates</a>:<a href="#cite_note-house2008-14">[14]</a>

<dl><dd>8 KCN + Se8 → 8 KSeCN</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organoselenium_compounds">Organoselenium compounds</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Organoselenium_chemistry" title="Organoselenium chemistry">Organoselenium chemistry</a></div>

Selenium, especially in the II oxidation state, forms a variety of organic derivatives. They are structurally analogous to the corresponding <a href="Organosulfur_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compounds">organosulfur compounds</a>. Especially common are selenides (R2Se, analogues of <a href="Thioether" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioether">thioethers</a>), diselenides (R2Se2, analogues of <a href="Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfides</a>), and <a href="Selenol" title="Selenol">selenols</a> (RSeH, analogues of <a href="Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a>). Representatives of selenides, diselenides, and selenols include respectively <a href="Selenomethionine" title="Selenomethionine">selenomethionine</a>, <a href="Diphenyldiselenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphenyldiselenide">diphenyldiselenide</a>, and <a href="Benzeneselenol" title="Benzeneselenol">benzeneselenol</a>. The <a href="Sulfoxide" title="Sulfoxide">sulfoxide</a> in sulfur chemistry is represented in selenium chemistry by the selenoxides (formula RSe(O)R), which are intermediates in organic synthesis, as illustrated by the <a href="Selenoxide_elimination" title="Selenoxide elimination">selenoxide elimination</a> reaction. Consistent with trends indicated by the <a href="Double_bond_rule" title="Double bond rule">double bond rule</a>, selenoketones, R(C=Se)R, and selenaldehydes, R(C=Se)H, are rarely observed.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Selenium (<a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> σελήνη <a href="Selene" title="Selene">selene</a> meaning "Moon") was discovered in 1817 by <a href="J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> and <a href="Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn">Johan Gottlieb Gahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Both chemists owned a chemistry plant near <a href="Gripsholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gripsholm">Gripsholm</a>, Sweden, producing <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> by the <a href="Lead_chamber_process" title="Lead chamber process">lead chamber process</a>. <a href="Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrite</a> samples from the <a href="Falun_Mine" title="Falun Mine">Falun Mine</a> produced a red solid precipitate in the lead chambers, which was presumed to be an arsenic compound, so the use of pyrite to make acid was discontinued. Berzelius and Gahn, who wanted to use the pyrite, observed that the red precipitate gave off an odor like <a href="Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a> when burned. This smell was not typical of arsenic, but a similar odor was known from <a href="Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> compounds. Hence, Berzelius's first letter to <a href="Alexander_Marcet" title="Alexander Marcet">Alexander Marcet</a> stated that this was a tellurium compound. However, the lack of tellurium compounds in the <a href="Falun_Mine" title="Falun Mine">Falun Mine</a> minerals eventually led Berzelius to reanalyze the red precipitate, and in 1818 he wrote a second letter to Marcet describing a newly found element similar to <a href="Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and tellurium. Because of its similarity to tellurium, named for the Earth, Berzelius named the new element after the <a href="Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a>

In 1873, <a href="Willoughby_Smith" title="Willoughby Smith">Willoughby Smith</a> found that the <a href="Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> of grey selenium was affected by light.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> This led to its use as a cell for sensing light. The first commercial products using selenium were developed by <a href="Werner_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner Siemens">Werner Siemens</a> in the mid-1870s. The selenium cell was used in the <a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a> developed by <a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> in 1879. Selenium transmits an electric current proportional to the amount of light falling on its surface. This phenomenon was used in the design of <a href="Light_meter" title="Light meter">light meters</a> and similar devices. Selenium's semiconductor properties found numerous other applications in electronics.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The development of <a href="Selenium_rectifier" title="Selenium rectifier">selenium rectifiers</a> began during the early 1930s, and these replaced <a href="Copper_oxide" title="Copper oxide">copper oxide</a> rectifiers because they were more efficient.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> These lasted in commercial applications until the 1970s, following which they were replaced with less expensive and even more efficient <a href="Silicon_rectifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon rectifier">silicon rectifiers</a>.

Selenium came to medical notice later because of its toxicity to industrial workers. Selenium was also recognized as an important veterinary toxin, which is seen in animals that have eaten high-selenium plants. In 1954, the first hints of specific biological functions of selenium were discovered in <a href="Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> by biochemist, <a href="Jane_Gibson" title="Jane Gibson">Jane Pinsent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> It was discovered to be essential for mammalian life in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In the 1970s, it was shown to be present in two independent sets of <a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>. This was followed by the discovery of <a href="Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a> in proteins. During the 1980s, selenocysteine was shown to be encoded by the <a href="Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">codon UGA</a>. The recoding mechanism was worked out first in <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and then in <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (see <a href="SECIS_element" title="SECIS element">SECIS element</a>).<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div>

Native (i.e., elemental) selenium is a rare mineral, which does not usually form good crystals, but, when it does, they are steep rhombohedra or tiny acicular (hair-like) crystals.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Isolation of selenium is often complicated by the presence of other compounds and elements.

Selenium occurs naturally in a number of inorganic forms, including <a href="Selenide" title="Selenide">selenide</a>, <a href="Selenate" title="Selenate">selenate</a>, and <a href="Selenite_(ion)" title="Selenite (ion)">selenite</a>, but these minerals are rare. The common mineral <a href="Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">selenite</a> is not a selenium mineral, and contains no <a href="Selenite_(ion)" title="Selenite (ion)">selenite ion</a>, but is rather a type of <a href="Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (calcium sulfate hydrate) named like selenium for the moon well before the discovery of selenium. Selenium is most commonly found as an impurity, replacing a small part of the sulfur in sulfide ores of many metals.<a href="#cite_note-geosel1-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-geosel2-57">[56]</a>

In living systems, selenium is found in the amino acids <a href="Selenomethionine" title="Selenomethionine">selenomethionine</a>, <a href="Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a>, and <a href="Methylselenocysteine" title="Methylselenocysteine">methylselenocysteine</a>. In these compounds, selenium plays a role analogous to that of sulfur. Another naturally occurring <a href="Organoselenium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoselenium compound">organoselenium compound</a> is <a href="Dimethyl_selenide" title="Dimethyl selenide">dimethyl selenide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biol1-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-biol1a-59">[58]</a>

Certain soils are selenium-rich, and selenium can be <a href="Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioconcentrated</a> by some plants. In soils, selenium most often occurs in soluble forms such as selenate (analogous to sulfate), which are leached into rivers very easily by runoff.<a href="#cite_note-geosel1-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-geosel2-57">[56]</a> Ocean water contains significant amounts of selenium.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a>

Typical background concentrations of selenium do not exceed 1 ng/m3 in the atmosphere; 1 mg/kg in soil and vegetation and 0.5 μg/L in freshwater and seawater.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a>

Anthropogenic sources of selenium include coal burning, and the mining and smelting of sulfide ores.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div>

Selenium is most commonly produced from <a href="Selenide" title="Selenide">selenide</a> in many <a href="Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> <a href="Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, such as those of <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, or <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>. Electrolytic metal refining is particularly productive of selenium as a byproduct, obtained from the <a href="Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> mud of copper refineries. Another source was the mud from the <a href="Lead_chamber_process" title="Lead chamber process">lead chambers</a> of <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> plants, a process that is no longer used. Selenium can be refined from these muds by a number of methods. However, most elemental selenium comes as a byproduct of <a href="Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">refining</a> copper or producing <a href="Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Since its invention, <a href="Solvent_extraction_and_electrowinning" title="Solvent extraction and electrowinning">solvent extraction and electrowinning</a> (SX/EW) production of copper produces an increasing share of the worldwide copper supply.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> This changes the availability of selenium because only a comparably small part of the selenium in the ore is leached with the copper.<a href="#cite_note-Naumov-67">[66]</a>

Industrial production of selenium usually involves the extraction of <a href="Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">selenium dioxide</a> from residues obtained during the purification of copper. Common production from the residue then begins by oxidation with <a href="Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> to produce selenium dioxide, which is mixed with water and <a href="Acid" title="Acid">acidified</a> to form <a href="Selenous_acid" title="Selenous acid">selenous acid</a> (<a href="Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> step). Selenous acid is bubbled with <a href="Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> step) to give elemental selenium.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a>

About 2,000 tonnes of selenium were produced in 2011 worldwide, mostly in Germany (650 t), Japan (630 t), Belgium (200 t), and Russia (140 t), and the total reserves were estimated at 93,000 tonnes. These data exclude two major producers: the United States and China. A previous sharp increase was observed in 2004 from $4–$5 to $27/lb. The price was relatively stable during 2004–2010 at about US$30 per pound (in 100 pound lots) but increased to $65/lb in 2011. The consumption in 2010 was divided as follows: metallurgy – 30%, glass manufacturing – 30%, agriculture – 10%, chemicals and pigments – 10%, and electronics – 10%. China is the dominant consumer of selenium at 1,500–2,000 tonnes/year.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-70">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manganese_electrolysis">Manganese electrolysis</h3></div>

During the <a href="Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a> of manganese, the addition of <a href="Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">selenium dioxide</a> decreases the power necessary to operate the <a href="Electrolytic_cell" title="Electrolytic cell">electrolysis cells</a>. China is the largest consumer of selenium dioxide for this purpose. For every tonne of manganese, an average 2 kg selenium oxide is used.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_production">Glass production</h3></div>

The largest commercial use of selenium, accounting for about 50% of consumption, is for the production of glass. Selenium compounds confer a red color to glass. This color cancels out the green or yellow tints that arise from iron impurities typical for most glass. For this purpose, various selenite and selenate salts are added. For other applications, a red color may be desired, produced by mixtures of CdSe and CdS.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-72">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3></div>

Selenium is used with <a href="Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> in <a href="Brass" title="Brass">brasses</a> to replace more toxic <a href="Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>. The regulation of lead in drinking water applications such as in the US with the <a href="Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> of 1974, made a reduction of lead in brass necessary. The new brass is marketed under the name EnviroBrass.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Like lead and sulfur, selenium improves the machinability of steel at concentrations around 0.15%.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Selenium produces the same machinability improvement in copper alloys.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithium–selenium_batteries">Lithium–selenium batteries</h3></div>

The lithium–selenium (Li–Se) battery was considered for energy storage in the family of lithium batteries in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_cells">Solar cells</h3></div>

Selenium was used as the photoabsorbing layer in the first solid-state solar cell, which was demonstrated by the English physicist <a href="William_Grylls_Adams" title="William Grylls Adams">William Grylls Adams</a> and his student Richard Evans Day in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Only a few years later, <a href="Charles_Fritts" title="Charles Fritts">Charles Fritts</a> fabricated the first thin-film solar cell, also using selenium as the photoabsorber. However, with the emergence of silicon solar cells in the 1950s, research on selenium thin-film solar cells declined. As a result, the record efficiency of 5.0% demonstrated by Tokio Nakada and Akio Kunioka in 1985 remained unchanged for more than 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In 2017, researchers from <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> achieved a new record efficiency of 6.5% by redesigning the device structure.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Following this achievement, selenium has gained renewed interest as a wide bandgap photoabsorber with the potential of being integrated in <a href="Multi-junction_solar_cell" title="Multi-junction solar cell">tandem</a> with lower bandgap photoabsorbers.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In 2024, the first selenium-based tandem solar cell was demonstrated, showcasing a selenium top cell monolithically integrated with a silicon bottom cell.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> However, a significant deficit in the <a href="Open-circuit_voltage" title="Open-circuit voltage">open-circuit voltage</a> is currently the main limiting factor to further improve the efficiency, necessitating defect-engineering strategies for selenium thin-films to enhance the <a href="Carrier_lifetime" title="Carrier lifetime">carrier lifetime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Recent theoretical studies using first-principles defect calculations have shown that selenium exhibits intrinsic point defect tolerance, suggesting that interfaces and extended defects are the primary factors limiting device performance.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> As of now, the only defect-engineering strategy that has been investigated for selenium thin-film solar cells involves <a href="Laser-heated_pedestal_growth" title="Laser-heated pedestal growth">crystallizing selenium using a laser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photoconductors">Photoconductors</h3></div>

Amorphous selenium (α-Se) thin films have found application as photoconductors in <a href="Flat-panel_detector" title="Flat-panel detector">flat-panel X-ray detectors</a>. These detectors use amorphous selenium to capture and convert incident X-ray photons directly into electric charge. Selenium has been chosen for this application among other semiconductors owing to a combination of its favorable technological and physical properties:<a href="#cite_note-r1-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-r2-88">[87]</a>

<ol><li>Amorphous selenium has a low melting point, high vapor pressure, and uniform structure. These three properties allow quick and easy deposition of large-area uniform films with a thickness up to 1 mm at a rate of 1–5 μm/min. Their uniformity and lack of grain boundaries, which are intrinsic to polycrystalline materials, improve the X-ray image quality. Meanwhile the large area is essential for scanning the human body or luggage items.</li>

<li>Selenium is less toxic than many compound semiconductors that contain arsenic or heavy metals such as mercury or lead.</li>

<li>The mobility in applied electric field is sufficiently high both for electrons and holes, so that in a typical 0.2 mm thick device, c. 98% of electrons and holes produced by X-rays are collected at the electrodes without being trapped by various defects. Consequently, device sensitivity is high, and its behavior is easy to describe by simple transport equations.</li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rectifiers">Rectifiers</h3></div>

<a href="Selenium_rectifier" title="Selenium rectifier">Selenium rectifiers</a> were first used in 1933. They have mostly been replaced by silicon-based devices. One notable exception is in power DC <a href="Surge_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surge protection">surge protection</a>, where the superior energy capabilities of selenium suppressors make them more desirable than <a href="Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">metal-oxide varistors</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div>

The demand for selenium by the electronics industry is declining.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-70">[69]</a> Its <a href="Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a> and <a href="Photoconductivity" title="Photoconductivity">photoconductive</a> properties are still useful in <a href="Photocopying" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocopying">photocopying</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <a href="Photocell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocell">photocells</a>, <a href="Light_meter" title="Light meter">light meters</a> and <a href="Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>. Its use as a photoconductor in plain-paper copiers once was a leading application, but in the 1980s, the photoconductor application declined (although it was still a large end-use) as more and more copiers switched to organic photoconductors.

<a href="Zinc_selenide" title="Zinc selenide">Zinc selenide</a> was the first material for blue <a href="LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a>, but <a href="Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">gallium nitride</a> dominates that market.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <a href="Cadmium_selenide" title="Cadmium selenide">Cadmium selenide</a> can be used to make <a href="Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">quantum dots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Sheets of amorphous selenium convert <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> images to patterns of charge in <a href="Xeroradiography" title="Xeroradiography">xeroradiography</a> and in solid-state, flat-panel X-ray cameras.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Ionized selenium (Se+24, where 24 of the outer D, S and P orbitals are stripped away due to high input energies) is one of the active mediums used in X-ray lasers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> 75Se is used as a gamma source in industrial radiography.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a>

Selenium catalyzes some chemical reactions, but it is not widely used because of issues with toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In <a href="X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, incorporation of one or more selenium atoms in place of sulfur helps with multiple-wavelength anomalous dispersion and <a href="Single_wavelength_anomalous_dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Single wavelength anomalous dispersion">single wavelength anomalous dispersion</a> phasing.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a>

Selenium is used in the <a href="Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">toning of photographic prints</a>, and it is sold as a toner by numerous photographic manufacturers. Selenium intensifies and extends the tonal range of black-and-white photographic images and improves the permanence of prints.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Small amounts of organoselenium compounds have been used to modify the catalysts used for the <a href="Sulfur_vulcanization" title="Sulfur vulcanization">vulcanization</a> for the production of rubber.<a href="#cite_note-Naumov-67">[66]</a> Selenium is used in some anti-dandruff shampoos in the form of <a href="Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">selenium disulfide</a> such as Selsun and Vichy Dereos<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> brands.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2></div>

Selenium pollution might impact some aquatic systems and may be caused by anthropogenic factors such as farming runoff and industrial processes.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> People who eat more fish are generally healthier than those who eat less,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> which suggests no major human health concern from selenium pollution, although selenium has a potential effect on humans.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>

Selenium poisoning of water systems may result whenever new <a href="Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural run-off</a> courses through dry lands. This process leaches natural soluble selenium compounds (such as selenates) into the water, which may then be concentrated in wetlands as the water evaporates. Selenium pollution of waterways also occurs when selenium is leached from coal flue ash, mining and <a href="Metal_smelting" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal smelting">metal smelting</a>, crude oil processing, and landfill.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> High selenium levels in waterways were found to cause congenital disorders in oviparous species, including wetland birds<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> and fish.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Elevated dietary <a href="Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> levels can amplify the harm of selenium toxicity in oviparous species.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a>

Selenium is <a href="Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulated</a> in aquatic habitats, which results in higher concentrations in organisms than the surrounding water. Organoselenium compounds can be concentrated over 200,000 times by <a href="Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> when water concentrations are in the 0.5 to 0.8 μg Se/L range. Inorganic selenium bioaccumulates more readily in <a href="Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> than zooplankton. Phytoplankton can concentrate inorganic selenium by a factor of 3000. Further concentration through bioaccumulation occurs along the food chain, as predators consume selenium-rich prey. It is recommended that a water concentration of 2 μg Se/L be considered highly hazardous to sensitive fish and <a href="Water_bird" title="Water bird">aquatic birds</a>. Selenium poisoning can be passed from parents to offspring through the egg, and selenium poisoning may persist for many generations. Reproduction of mallard ducks is impaired at dietary concentrations of 7 μg Se/L. Many <a href="Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic</a> invertebrates can tolerate selenium concentrations up to 300 μg/L of selenium in their diet.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a>

Bioaccumulation of selenium in aquatic environments causes fish kills depending on the species in the affected area. There are, however, a few species that have been seen to survive these events and tolerate the increased selenium. It has also been suggested that the season could have an impact on the harmful effects of selenium on fish.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1–31-113">[112]</a> Substantial physiological changes may occur in fish with high tissue concentrations of selenium. Fish affected by selenium may experience swelling of the <a href="Gill_lamellae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill lamellae">gill lamellae</a>, which impedes oxygen diffusion across the gills and blood flow within the gills. Respiratory capacity is further reduced due to selenium binding to <a href="Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>. Other problems include degeneration of liver tissue, swelling around the heart, damaged egg follicles in ovaries, <a href="Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a>, and accumulation of fluid in the body cavity and head. Selenium often causes a malformed fish fetus which may have problems feeding or respiring; distortion of the fins or spine is also common. Adult fish may appear healthy despite their inability to produce viable offspring.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div>

In <a href="Belews_Lake" title="Belews Lake">Belews Lake</a> North Carolina, 19 species of fish were eliminated from the lake due to 150–200 μg Se/L wastewater discharged from 1974 to 1986 from a <a href="Duke_Energy" title="Duke Energy">Duke Energy</a> coal-fired power plant.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> At the <a href="Kesterson_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge">Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge</a> in California, thousands of fish and waterbirds were poisoned by selenium in agricultural irrigation drainage.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium in biology</a></div>

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<caption>Elemental selenium

</caption>

<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards

</th></tr>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div>

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<td>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div>

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<td>Danger

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div>

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<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div>

</td>

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<td><a href="NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond)

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Although it is toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential <a href="Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrient</a> for animals. In plants, it occurs as a bystander mineral,<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> sometimes in toxic proportions in <a href="Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> (some plants may accumulate selenium as a defense against being eaten by animals,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> but other plants, such as <a href="Locoweed" title="Locoweed">locoweed</a>, require selenium, and their growth indicates the presence of selenium in soil).<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The selenium content in the human body is believed to be in the range of 13–20 mg.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a>

Selenium is a component of the unusual <a href="Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> <a href="Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a> and <a href="Selenomethionine" title="Selenomethionine">selenomethionine</a>. In humans, selenium is a <a href="Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">trace element</a> nutrient that functions as <a href="Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> for <a href="Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> of <a href="Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> enzymes, such as <a href="Glutathione_peroxidase" title="Glutathione peroxidase">glutathione peroxidases</a> and certain forms of <a href="Thioredoxin_reductase" title="Thioredoxin reductase">thioredoxin reductase</a> found in animals and some plants (this enzyme occurs in all living organisms, but not all forms of it in plants require selenium).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a>

The <a href="Glutathione_peroxidase" title="Glutathione peroxidase">glutathione peroxidase</a> family of enzymes (GSH-Px) catalyze reactions that remove reactive oxygen species such as <a href="Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> and organic <a href="Hydroperoxide" title="Hydroperoxide">hydroperoxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a>

The <a href="Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid gland</a> and every cell that uses thyroid hormone also use selenium,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> which is a cofactor for the three of the four known types of <a href="Deiodinase" title="Deiodinase">thyroid hormone deiodinases</a>, which activate and then deactivate various <a href="Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">thyroid hormones</a> and their metabolites; the <a href="Iodothyronine_deiodinase" title="Iodothyronine deiodinase">iodothyronine deiodinases</a> are the subfamily of deiodinase enzymes that use selenium as the otherwise rare amino acid selenocysteine.

Increased dietary selenium reduces the effects of mercury toxicity,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> although it is effective only at low to modest doses of mercury.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Evidence suggests that the molecular mechanisms of mercury toxicity include the irreversible inhibition of selenoenzymes that are required to prevent and reverse oxidative damage in brain and endocrine tissues.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The selenium-containing compound <a href="Selenoneine" title="Selenoneine">selenoneine</a> is present in the blood of <a href="Bluefin_tuna" title="Bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Certain plants are considered indicators of high selenium content of the soil because they require high levels of selenium to thrive. The main selenium indicator plants are <a href="Astragalus_(plant)" title="Astragalus (plant)">Astragalus</a> species (including some <a href="Locoweed" title="Locoweed">locoweeds</a>), prince's plume (<a href="Stanleya_(plant)" title="Stanleya (plant)">Stanleya</a> sp.), woody asters (<a href="Xylorhiza_(plant)" title="Xylorhiza (plant)">Xylorhiza</a> sp.), and false goldenweed (<a href="Oonopsis" title="Oonopsis">Oonopsis</a> sp.).<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_sources_of_selenium">Nutritional sources of selenium</h3></div>

Dietary selenium comes from meat, nuts, cereals, and mushrooms. <a href="Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nuts</a> are the richest dietary source (though this is soil-dependent since the Brazil nut does not require high levels of the element for its own needs).<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a>

The US <a href="Recommended_Dietary_Allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowance">Recommended Dietary Allowance</a> (RDA) of selenium for teenagers and adults is 55 <a href="Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a>/day. Selenium as a dietary supplement is available in many forms, including multi-vitamins/mineral supplements, which typically contain 55 or 70 μg/serving. Selenium-specific supplements typically contain either 100 or 200 μg/serving. In June 2015, the US <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) published its final rule establishing a requirement for minimum and maximum levels of selenium in <a href="Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">infant formula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Selenium_in_biology#Toxicity" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium in biology § Toxicity</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenium_in_biology&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

Although selenium is an essential <a href="Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">trace element</a>, it is toxic if taken in excess. Exceeding the <a href="Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Tolerable Upper Intake Level</a> of 400 micrograms per day can lead to selenosis.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> This 400 microgram (<a href="Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a>) Tolerable Upper Intake Level is based primarily on a 1986 study of five Chinese patients who exhibited overt signs of selenosis and a follow-up study on the same five people in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The 1992 study actually found the maximum safe dietary Se intake to be approximately 800 micrograms per day (15 micrograms per kilogram body weight), but suggested 400 micrograms per day to not only avoid <a href="Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>, but also to avoid creating an imbalance of nutrients in the diet and to account for data from other countries.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> In China, people who ingested corn grown in extremely selenium-rich stony coal (carbonaceous <a href="Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>) have suffered from selenium toxicity. This coal was shown to have selenium content as high as 9.1%, the highest concentration in coal ever recorded in literature.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a>

Symptoms of selenosis include a garlic odor on the breath, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss, sloughing of nails, fatigue, irritability, and neurological damage. Extreme cases of selenosis can result in <a href="Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> of the liver, <a href="Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, and death.<a href="#cite_note-Selenium_in_biology_tp92-c3-138">[137]</a> Elemental selenium and most metallic <a href="Selenide" title="Selenide">selenides</a> have relatively low toxicities because of their low <a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a>. By contrast, <a href="Selenate" title="Selenate">selenates</a> and <a href="Selenite_(ion)" title="Selenite (ion)">selenites</a> are very toxic, having an oxidant mode of action similar to that of arsenic trioxide. The chronic toxic dose of selenite for humans is about 2400 to 3000 micrograms of selenium per day for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <a href="Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">Hydrogen selenide</a> is an extremely toxic, corrosive gas.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Selenium also occurs in organic compounds, such as dimethyl selenide, <a href="Selenomethionine" title="Selenomethionine">selenomethionine</a>, <a href="Selenocysteine" title="Selenocysteine">selenocysteine</a> and <a href="Methylselenocysteine" title="Methylselenocysteine">methylselenocysteine</a>, all of which have high <a href="Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> and are toxic in large doses.

The <a href="Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the legal limit (<a href="Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for selenium in the workplace at 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">Recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 1 mg/m3, selenium is <a href="IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detection_in_biological_fluids">Detection in biological fluids</h4></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Selenium_in_biology#Detection_in_biological_fluids" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium in biology § Detection in biological fluids</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenium_in_biology&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

Selenium may be measured in blood, plasma, serum or urine to monitor excessive environmental or occupational exposure, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized victims or to assist in a forensic investigation in a case of fatal overdosage. Some analytical techniques are capable of distinguishing organic from inorganic forms of the element. Both organic and inorganic forms of selenium are largely converted to monosaccharide conjugates (selenosugars) in the body prior to being eliminated in the urine. Cancer patients receiving daily oral doses of selenothionine may achieve very high plasma and urine selenium concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Selenium_deficiency" title="Selenium deficiency">Selenium deficiency</a></div>

<div class="excerpt-block"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Selenium_in_biology#Deficiency" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium in biology § Deficiency</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenium_in_biology&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

Selenium deficiency can occur in patients with severely compromised <a href="Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestinal</a> function, those undergoing <a href="Total_parenteral_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Total parenteral nutrition">total parenteral nutrition</a>, and<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> in those of advanced age (over 90). Also, people dependent on food grown from selenium-deficient soil are at risk. Although <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> has low levels of selenium in its soil, adverse health effects have not been detected.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a>

Selenium deficiency as defined by low (<60% of normal) selenoenzyme activity levels in brain and endocrine tissues only occurs when a low selenium status is linked with an additional stress, such as high exposures to mercury<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> or as a result of increased oxidant stress due to vitamin E deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a>

Selenium interacts with other nutrients, such as <a href="Iodide" title="Iodide">iodide</a> and <a href="Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>. The interaction is observed in the <a href="Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> of many deficiency diseases in animals, and pure selenium deficiency is rare. The effect of selenium deficiency on health remains uncertain, particularly in relation to <a href="Kashin-Beck_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashin-Beck disease">Kashin-Beck disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_health_effects">General health effects</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Selenium_in_biology" title="Selenium in biology">Selenium in biology</a></div>

The effects of selenium intake on cancer have been studied in several <a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> and <a href="Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologic</a> studies in humans. Selenium may have a <a href="Chemopreventive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemopreventive">chemo-preventive</a> role in <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> risk as an <a href="Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">anti-oxidant</a>, and it might trigger the immune response. At low levels, it is used in the body to create anti-oxidant <a href="Selenoprotein" title="Selenoprotein">selenoproteins</a>, at higher doses than normal it causes cell death.<a href="#cite_note-:0-148">[147]</a>

Selenium (in close interrelation with <a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>) plays a role in thyroid health. Selenium is a cofactor for the three thyroid hormone <a href="Deiodinase" title="Deiodinase">deiodinases</a>, helping activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites. Isolated selenium deficiency is now being investigated for its role in the induction of autoimmune reactions in the thyroid gland in <a href="Hashimoto's_thyroiditis" title="Hashimoto's thyroiditis">Hashimoto's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> In a case of combined iodine and selenium deficiency was shown to play a thyroid-protecting role.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth's_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Abundance of elements in Earth's crust</a></li>

<li><a href="ACES_(nutritional_supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACES (nutritional supplement)">ACES (nutritional supplement)</a></li>

<li><a href="Selenium_yeast" title="Selenium yeast">Selenium yeast</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> For all practical purposes, 82Se is stable.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/selenium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Selenium"</a>. <a href="Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2013.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(Se2−2, such as disodium diselenide (Na2Se2); see <cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2008). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 829. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783110206845</bdi>.</cite> and <cite id="CITEREFH._FöpplE._BusmannF.-K._Frorath1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">H. Föppl; E. Busmann; F.-K. Frorath (1962). "Die Kristallstrukturen von α-Na2S2 und K2S2, β-Na2S2 und Na2Se2". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German). 314 (1): 12–20. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19623140104">10.1002/zaac.19623140104</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> A Se(0) atom has been identified using DFT in [ReOSe(2-pySe)3]; see <cite id="CITEREFCargneluttiLangPiquiniAbram2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cargnelutti, Roberta; Lang, Ernesto S.; Piquini, Paulo; Abram, Ulrich (2014). "Synthesis and structure of [ReOSe(2-Se-py)3]: A rhenium(V) complex with selenium(0) as a ligand". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 45: 48–50. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.inoche.2014.04.003">10.1016/j.inoche.2014.04.003</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1387-7003">1387-7003</a>.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see <cite id="CITEREFLauNeumüllerVyboishchikovFrenking1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). "Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)". Chemistry: A European Journal. 2 (11): 1393–1396. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.19960021108">10.1002/chem.19960021108</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-pmid20142570-12"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20142570_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMacFarquharBroussardDOLJones2010" class="citation journal cs1">MacFarquhar JK, Broussard, DOL, Jones TF (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225252">"Acute selenium toxicity associated with a dietary supplement"</a>. <a href="JAMA_Internal_Medicine" title="JAMA Internal Medicine">Archives of Internal Medicine</a>. 178 (3): 256–261. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinternmed.2009.495">10.1001/archinternmed.2009.495</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225252">3225252</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20142570">20142570</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDEfR2Nw50s">Video of selenium heating</a> on <a href="YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>

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<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAtroshi2014" class="citation book cs1">Atroshi, Faik (2014-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCShDwAAQBAJ&dq=info:AK393JUK2tEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR11">Pharmacology and Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Disease</a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-953-51-1383-6</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFreemanLindblomQuinnFakra2007" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, John L.; Lindblom, Stormy Dawn; Quinn, Colin F.; Fakra, Sirine; Marcus, Matthew A.; Pilon-Smits, Elizabeth A. H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2007.02119.x">"Selenium accumulation protects plants from herbivory by Orthoptera via toxicity and deterrence"</a>. The New Phytologist. 175 (3): 490–500. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NewPh.175..490F">2007NewPh.175..490F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2007.02119.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02119.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X">0028-646X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17635224">17635224</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2330947">2330947</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/61786801">Selenium concentrations in leaf material from Astragalus Oxyphysus (diablo locoweed) and Atriplex Lentiformis (quail bush) in the interior Coast Ranges and the western San Joaquin Valley, California</a> (Report). U.S. Geological Survey. 1986. Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4066.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> A common reference for this is <cite id="CITEREFSchroederFrostBalassa1970" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder, H. A.; Frost, D. V.; Balassa, J. J. (1970). "Essential trace metals in man: Selenium". Journal of Chronic Diseases. 23 (4): 227–243. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9681%2870%2990003-2">10.1016/0021-9681(70)90003-2</a>. <a href="OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6424964">6424964</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4926392">4926392</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLabunskyyHatfieldGladyshev2014" class="citation journal cs1">Labunskyy, Vyacheslav M.; Hatfield, Dolph L.; Gladyshev, Vadim N. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4101630">"Selenoproteins: Molecular Pathways and Physiological Roles"</a>. Physiological Reviews. 94 (3): 739–777. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00039.2013">10.1152/physrev.00039.2013</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4101630">4101630</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24987004">24987004</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2876">"Entrez Gene: GPX1 glutathione peroxidase 1"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPakdelGhazaviHeidaryNezamabadi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pakdel, Farzad; Ghazavi, Roghayeh; Heidary, Roghayeh; Nezamabadi, Athena; Parvizi, Maryam; Haji Safar Ali Memar, Mahsa; Gharebaghi, Reza; Heidary, Fatemeh (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6570790">"Effect of Selenium on Thyroid Disorders: Scientometric Analysis"</a>. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 48 (3): 410–420. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2251-6085">2251-6085</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6570790">6570790</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31223567">31223567</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRalstonRalstonBlackwellRaymond2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ralston, N. V.; Ralston, C. R.; Blackwell, JL III; Raymond, L. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724193621/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses_html/OCN331/Mercury3.pdf">"Dietary and tissue selenium in relation to methylmercury toxicity"</a> (PDF). Neurotoxicology. 29 (5): 802–811. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NeuTx..29..802R">2008NeuTx..29..802R</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.549.3878">10.1.1.549.3878</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuro.2008.07.007">10.1016/j.neuro.2008.07.007</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761370">18761370</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/courses_html/OCN331/Mercury3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2012-09-28.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPenglaseHamreEllingsen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Penglase, S.; Hamre, K.; Ellingsen, S. (2014). "Selenium prevents downregulation of antioxidant selenoprotein genes by methylmercury". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 75: 95–104. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.freeradbiomed.2014.07.019">10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.019</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1956%2F8708">1956/8708</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25064324">25064324</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFUsukiYamashitaFujimura2011" class="citation journal cs1">Usuki, F.; Yamashita, A.; Fujimura, M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057802">"Post-transcriptional defects of antioxidant selenoenzymes cause oxidative stress under methylmercury exposure"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (8): 6641–6649. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M110.168872">10.1074/jbc.M110.168872</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057802">3057802</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21106535">21106535</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOhiSekiMaedaYagyu1975" class="citation journal cs1">Ohi, G.; Seki, H.; Maeda, H.; Yagyu, H. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2486%2Findhealth.13.93">"Protective effect of selenite against methylmercury toxicity: observations concerning time, dose and route factors in the development of selenium attenuation"</a>. Industrial Health. 13 (3): 93–99. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975IndHe..13...93O">1975IndHe..13...93O</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2486%2Findhealth.13.93">10.2486/indhealth.13.93</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRalstonRaymond2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ralston, N. V. C.; Raymond, L. J. (2010). "Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity". Toxicology. 278 (1): 112–123. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Toxgy.278..112R">2010Toxgy.278..112R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tox.2010.06.004">10.1016/j.tox.2010.06.004</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20561558">20561558</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarvalhoChewHashemyLu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Carvalho, C. M. L.; Chew, Hashemy S. I.; Hashemy, J.; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M710133200">"Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system: A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity"</a>. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (18): 11913–11923. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M710133200">10.1074/jbc.M710133200</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18321861">18321861</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Michiaki Yamashita, Shintaro Imamura, Md. Anwar Hossain, Ken Touhata, Takeshi Yabu, and Yumiko Yamashita, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasebj.org/content/26/1_Supplement/969.13.short">"Strong antioxidant activity of the novel selenium-containing imidazole compound 'selenoneine'"</a>, The FASEB Journal, vol. 26 no. 1, supplement 969.13, April 2012

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<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFYamashitaYabuYamashita2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yamashita, Y.; Yabu, T.; Yamashita, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3083957">"Discovery of the strong antioxidant selenoneine in tuna and selenium redox metabolism"</a>. World Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1 (5): 144–150. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4331%2Fwjbc.v1.i5.144">10.4331/wjbc.v1.i5.144</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3083957">3083957</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21540999">21540999</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZane_Davis2008" class="citation web cs1">Zane Davis, T. (2008-03-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20801500/PPClassPPSlides/3-27-08DavisSelenium.pdf">"Selenium in Plants"</a> (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 2008-12-05.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBarclayMacPhersonDixon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Barclay, Margaret N. I.; MacPherson, Allan; Dixon, James (1995). "Selenium content of a range of UK food". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 8 (4): 307–318. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjfca.1995.1025">10.1006/jfca.1995.1025</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium-HealthProfessional/">"Selenium Fact Sheet"</a>. United States: The Office of Dietary Supplements, <a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.</cite> Includes a list of selenium-rich foods.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171114120142/https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm451982.htm">"FDA Issues Final Rule to Add Selenium to List of Required Nutrients for Infant Formula"</a>. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm451982.htm">the original</a> on November 14, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium-HealthProfessional/">"Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium"</a>. National Institutes of Health; Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved 2009-01-05.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFa_report_of_the_Panel_on_Dietary_Antioxidants_and_Related_Compounds,_Subcommittees_on_Upper_Reference_Leves_of_Nutrients_and_of_Interpretation_and_Use_of_Dietary_Reference_Intakes,_and_the_Standing_Committee_on_the_Scientific_Evaluation_of_Dietary_Reference_Intakes,_Food_and_Nutrition_Board,_Institute_of_Medicine.2000" class="citation book cs1">a report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Leves of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. (August 15, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9810&page=315">Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids</a>. Institute of Medicine. pp. 314–315. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-06949-6</bdi>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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<cite id="CITEREFYangZhou,_R.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, G.; Zhou, R. (1994). "Further Observations on the Human Maximum Safe Dietary Selenium Intake in a Seleniferous Area of China". Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease. 8 (3–4): 159–165. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7599506">7599506</a>.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFYangXia,_Yi-Ming1995" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Guang-Qi; Xia, Yi-Ming (1995). "Studies on Human Dietary Requirements and Safe Range of Dietary Intakes of Selenium in China and Their Application in the Prevention of Related Endemic Diseases". Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. 8 (3): 187–201. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8561918">8561918</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Selenium_in_biology_tp92-c3-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Selenium_in_biology_tp92-c3_138-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c3.pdf">"Public Health Statement: Health Effects"</a> (PDF). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Retrieved 2009-01-05.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWilber1980" class="citation journal cs1">Wilber, C. G. (1980). "Toxicology of selenium". Clinical Toxicology. 17 (2): 171–230. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15563658008985076">10.3109/15563658008985076</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6998645">6998645</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOlson,_O.E.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, O.E. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10915818609140736">"Selenium Toxicity in Animals with Emphasis on Man"</a>. International Journal of Toxicology. 5: 45. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F10915818609140736">10.3109/10915818609140736</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:74619246">74619246</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0550.html">"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Selenium"</a>. United States: National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health. Retrieved 2015-11-21.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1416–1420.

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<li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRavagliaFortiMaioliBastagli2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ravaglia; Forti, P; Maioli, F; Bastagli, L; Facchini, A; Mariani, E; Savarino, L; Sassi, S; Cucinotta, D; Lenaz, G (1 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F71.2.590">"Effect of micronutrient status on natural killer cell immune function in healthy free-living subjects aged >=90 y1"</a>. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (2): 590–598. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F71.2.590">10.1093/ajcn/71.2.590</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10648276">10648276</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMedSafe_Editorial_Team" class="citation web cs1">MedSafe Editorial Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/PUarticles/Sel.htm">"Selenium"</a>. Prescriber Update Articles. New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority. Retrieved 2009-07-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRalstonRaymond,_L.J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ralston, N.V.C.; Raymond, L.J. (2010). "Dietary selenium's protective effects against methylmercury toxicity". Toxicology. 278 (1): 112–123. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Toxgy.278..112R">2010Toxgy.278..112R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tox.2010.06.004">10.1016/j.tox.2010.06.004</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20561558">20561558</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMannTruswell2002" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Jim; Truswell, A. Stewart (2002). Essentials of Human Nutrition (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-262756-8</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMoreno-ReyesMathieuVanderpasBegaux2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moreno-Reyes, Rodrigo; Mathieu, Jean; Vanderpas, Marleen; Begaux, Françoise; Suetens, Carl; Rivera, Maria T.; Nève, Jean; Perlmutter, Noémi; V (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.1.137">"Selenium and iodine supplementation of rural Tibetan children affected by Kashin-Beck osteoarthropathy"</a>. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 78 (1): 137–144. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F78.1.137">10.1093/ajcn/78.1.137</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12816783">12816783</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_148-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRazaghiPoorebrahimSarhanBjörnstedt2021" class="citation journal cs1">Razaghi, Ali; Poorebrahim, Mansour; Sarhan, Dhifaf; Björnstedt, Mikael (2021-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejcancer.com/article/S0959-8049(21)00462-7/abstract">"Selenium stimulates the antitumour immunity: Insights to future research"</a>. European Journal of Cancer. 155: 256–267. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2021.07.013">10.1016/j.ejca.2021.07.013</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-8049">0959-8049</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34392068">34392068</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRostamiNourooz-ZadehMohammadiKhalkhali2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rostami, Rahim; Nourooz-Zadeh, Sarmad; Mohammadi, Afshin; Khalkhali, Hamid Reza; Ferns, Gordon; Nourooz-Zadeh, Jaffar (2020-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7692168">"Serum Selenium Status and Its Interrelationship with Serum Biomarkers of Thyroid Function and Antioxidant Defense in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis"</a>. Antioxidants. 9 (11): E1070. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fantiox9111070">10.3390/antiox9111070</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-3921">2076-3921</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7692168">7692168</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33142736">33142736</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVanderpasContempréDualeDeckx1993" class="citation journal cs1">Vanderpas, J. B.; Contempré, B.; Duale, N. L.; Deckx, H.; Bebe, N.; Longombé, A. O.; Thilly, C. H.; Diplock, A. T.; Dumont, J. E. (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F57.2.271S">"Selenium deficiency mitigates hypothyroxinemia in iodine-deficient subjects"</a>. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57 (2 Suppl): 271S – 275S. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fajcn%2F57.2.271S">10.1093/ajcn/57.2.271S</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9165">0002-9165</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8427203">8427203</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/034.htm">Selenium</a> at <a href="The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium-HealthProfessional/">National Institutes of Health page on Selenium</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sas-centre.org/assays/trace_metals/selenium.html">Assay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120226154950/http://www.sas-centre.org/assays/trace_metals/selenium.html">Archived</a> 2012-02-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=153&tid=28">ATSDR – Toxicological Profile: Selenium</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0550.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Se">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Selenium_compounds70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Selenium_compounds70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> compounds</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Se(−II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Phosphorus_selenide" title="Phosphorus selenide">PxSey</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Se(0,I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Se(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Se(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Selenium_oxydichloride" title="Selenium oxydichloride">SeOCl2</a></li>

<li><a href="Selenium_oxybromide" title="Selenium oxybromide">SeOBr2</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Se(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Se(IV,VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prostanoid_signaling_modulators402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prostanoid_signaling_modulators402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">Prostanoid</a> <a href="Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> <a href="Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> (<a href="Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">DP (D2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_D2_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1">DP1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: <a href="Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li>

<li><a href="Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Antagonists: Asapiprant</li>

<li><a href="Laropiprant" title="Laropiprant">Laropiprant</a></li>

<li>Vidupiprant</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_D2_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2">DP2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: <a href="Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Antagonists: ADC-3680</li>

<li><a href="Fevipiprant" title="Fevipiprant">Fevipiprant</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li>

<li><a href="Setipiprant" title="Setipiprant">Setipiprant</a></li>

<li>Timapiprant</li>

<li>Vidupiprant</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">EP (E2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin E2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_EP1_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP1 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP1 receptor">EP1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP1 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: <a href="Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li>

<li><a href="Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li>

<li><a href="Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Lubiprostone" title="Lubiprostone">Lubiprostone</a></li>

<li><a href="Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulprostone" title="Sulprostone">Sulprostone</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Antagonists: AH-6809</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_EP2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP2 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP2 receptor">EP2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP2 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: Butaprost</li>

<li><a href="Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li>

<li><a href="Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Antagonists: AH-6809</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_EP3_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP3 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP3 receptor">EP3</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP3 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: <a href="Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li>

<li>Carbacyclin</li>

<li>Cicaprost</li>

<li><a href="Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li>

<li><a href="Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li>

<li>Isocarbacyclin</li>

<li><a href="Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li>

<li>Remiprostol</li>

<li><a href="Ricinoleic_acid" title="Ricinoleic acid">Ricinoleic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulprostone" title="Sulprostone">Sulprostone</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Antagonists: L-798106</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_EP4_receptor" title="Prostaglandin EP4 receptor"><abbr title="Prostaglandin EP4 receptor">EP4</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin EP4 receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: <a href="Lubiprostone" title="Lubiprostone">Lubiprostone</a></li>

<li><a href="Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E2" title="Prostaglandin E2">Prostaglandin E2 (dinoprostone)</a></li>

<ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="Grapiprant" title="Grapiprant">Grapiprant</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: 16,16-Dimethyl Prostaglandin E2</li>

<li>Aganepag</li>

<li><a href="Carboprost" title="Carboprost">Carboprost</a></li>

<li>Evatanepag</li>

<li><a href="Gemeprost" title="Gemeprost">Gemeprost</a></li>

<li>Nocloprost</li>

<li><a href="Omidenepag" title="Omidenepag">Omidenepag</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_F2%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin F2α">Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)</a></li>

<li>Simenepag</li>

<li>Taprenepag</li></ul>

<ul><li>Agonists: <a href="Alfaprostol" title="Alfaprostol">Alfaprostol</a></li>

<li><a href="Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Carboprost" title="Carboprost">Carboprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloprostenol" title="Cloprostenol">Cloprostenol</a></li>

<li><a href="Enprostil" title="Enprostil">Enprostil</a></li>

<li>Fluprostenol</li>

<li><a href="Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_D2" title="Prostaglandin D2">Prostaglandin D2</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_F2%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin F2α">Prostaglandin F2α (dinoprost)</a></li>

<li>Sulotroban</li>

<li><a href="Tafluprost" title="Tafluprost">Tafluprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Travoprost" title="Travoprost">Travoprost</a></li>

<li><a href="Unoprostone" title="Unoprostone">Unoprostone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor"><abbr title="Prostacyclin receptor">IP (I2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostacyclin receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: ACT-333679</li>

<li><a href="Beraprost" title="Beraprost">Beraprost</a></li>

<li>Carbacyclin</li>

<li>Cicaprost</li>

<li><a href="Iloprost" title="Iloprost">Iloprost (ciloprost)</a></li>

<li>Isocarbacyclin</li>

<li><a href="Prostacyclin" title="Prostacyclin">Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2, epoprostenol)</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_E1" title="Prostaglandin E1">Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)</a></li>

<li>Ralinepag</li>

<li><a href="Selexipag" title="Selexipag">Selexipag</a></li>

<li>Taprostene</li>

<li><a href="Treprostinil" title="Treprostinil">Treprostinil</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Antagonists: RO1138452</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor"><abbr title="Thromboxane receptor">TP (TXA2)</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thromboxane receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Agonists: Carbocyclic thromboxane A2</li>

<li><a href="Thromboxane_A2" title="Thromboxane A2">Thromboxane A2</a></li>

<li>Vapiprost</li></ul>

<ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12-HETE</a></li>

<li><a href="Argatroban" title="Argatroban">Argatroban</a></li>

<li>Daltroban</li>

<li>Domitroban</li>

<li><a href="Ifetroban" title="Ifetroban">Ifetroban</a></li>

<li>Imitrodast</li>

<li>Linotroban</li>

<li>Mipitroban</li>

<li><a href="Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li>

<li>Pinane thromboxane A2</li>

<li><a href="Ramatroban" title="Ramatroban">Ramatroban</a></li>

<li>Ridogrel</li>

<li>Samixogrel</li>

<li><a href="Seratrodast" title="Seratrodast">Seratrodast</a></li>

<li>Sulotroban</li>

<li><a href="Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Terutroban" title="Terutroban">Terutroban</a></li>

<ul><li>Arbaprostil</li>

<li>Ataprost</li>

<li>Ciprostene</li>

<li>Clinprost</li>

<li>Cobiprostone</li>

<li>Delprostenate</li>

<li>Deprostil</li>

<li>Dimoxaprost</li>

<li>Doxaprost</li>

<li>Ecraprost</li>

<li>Eganoprost</li>

<li>Enisoprost</li>

<li>Eptaloprost</li>

<li>Esuberaprost</li>

<li>Etiproston</li>

<li>Fenprostalene</li>

<li>Flunoprost</li>

<li>Froxiprost</li>

<li>Lanproston</li>

<li>Limaprost</li>

<li>Luprostiol</li>

<li>Meteneprost</li>

<li>Mexiprostil</li>

<li>Naxaprostene</li>

<li>Nileprost</li>

<li>Nocloprost</li>

<li>Ornoprostil</li>

<li>Oxoprostol</li>

<li>Penprostene</li>

<li>Pimilprost</li>

<li>Piriprost</li>

<li>Posaraprost</li>

<li>Prostalene</li>

<li>Rioprostil</li>

<li>Rivenprost</li>

<li>Rosaprostol</li>

<li>Spiriprostil</li>

<li>Tiaprost</li>

<li>Tilsuprost</li>

<li>Tiprostanide</li>

<li>Trimoprostil</li>

<li>Viprostol</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a> (<a href="Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase"><abbr title="Cyclooxygenase">COX</abbr> (<abbr title="prostaglandin G/H synthase">PTGS</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Salicylic acids: <a href="Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a></li>

<li><a href="Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorilate (benorylate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li>

<li><a href="Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li>

<li><a href="Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesalazine" title="Mesalazine">Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid)</a></li>

<li><a href="Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a></li>

<li>Salacetamide</li>

<li><a href="Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li>

<li><a href="Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li>

<li><a href="Salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate">Salicylate (salicylic acid)</a></li>

<li><a href="Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li>

<li><a href="Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li>

<li><a href="Triflusal" title="Triflusal">Triflusal</a>; Acetic acids: <a href="Aceclofenac" title="Aceclofenac">Aceclofenac</a></li>

<li><a href="Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li>

<li>Aclofenac</li>

<li><a href="Amfenac" title="Amfenac">Amfenac</a></li>

<li><a href="Alclofenac" title="Alclofenac">Alclofenac</a></li>

<li><a href="Bendazac" title="Bendazac">Bendazac</a></li>

<li><a href="Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li>

<li><a href="Bufexamac" title="Bufexamac">Bufexamac</a></li>

<li><a href="Bumadizone" title="Bumadizone">Bumadizone</a></li>

<li>Cinmetacin</li>

<li>Clometacin</li>

<li><a href="Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li>

<li><a href="Difenpiramide" title="Difenpiramide">Difenpiramide</a></li>

<li><a href="Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li>

<li><a href="Felbinac" title="Felbinac">Felbinac</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenclofenac" title="Fenclofenac">Fenclofenac</a></li>

<li><a href="Fentiazac" title="Fentiazac">Fentiazac</a></li>

<li><a href="Glucametacin" title="Glucametacin">Glucametacin</a></li>

<li><a href="Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin (indomethacin)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li>

<li><a href="Lonazolac" title="Lonazolac">Lonazolac</a></li>

<li><a href="Mofezolac" title="Mofezolac">Mofezolac</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxametacin" title="Oxametacin">Oxametacin</a></li>

<li>Oxindanac</li>

<li><a href="Proglumetacin" title="Proglumetacin">Proglumetacin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li>

<li>Sulindac sulfide</li>

<li><a href="Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li>

<li>Zidometacin</li>

<li><a href="Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a>; Propionic acids: <a href="Alminoprofen" title="Alminoprofen">Alminoprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a></li>

<li>Bucloxic acid (blucloxate)</li>

<li>Butibufen</li>

<li><a href="Carprofen" title="Carprofen">Carprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a></li>

<li>Dexindoprofen</li>

<li><a href="Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenbufen" title="Fenbufen">Fenbufen</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Flunoxaprofen" title="Flunoxaprofen">Flunoxaprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ibuproxam" title="Ibuproxam">Ibuproxam</a></li>

<li><a href="Indoprofen" title="Indoprofen">Indoprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Miroprofen" title="Miroprofen">Miroprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li>

<li><a href="Naproxcinod" title="Naproxcinod">Naproxcinod</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirprofen" title="Pirprofen">Pirprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Pranoprofen" title="Pranoprofen">Pranoprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarenflurbil" title="Tarenflurbil">Tarenflurbil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tepoxalin" title="Tepoxalin">Tepoxalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid (tiaprofenate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Vedaprofen" title="Vedaprofen">Vedaprofen</a>; Anthranilic acids (fenamic acids): <a href="Etofenamate" title="Etofenamate">Etofenamic acid (etofenamate)</a></li>

<li>Floctafenic acid (floctafenate)</li>

<li><a href="Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid (flufenamate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid (meclofenamate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid (mefenamate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Morniflumate" title="Morniflumate">Morniflumic acid (morniflumate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid (niflumate)</a></li>

<li>Talinflumic acid (talinflumate)</li>

<li><a href="Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid (tolfenamate)</a>; Pyrazolones: <a href="Azapropazone" title="Azapropazone">Azapropazone</a></li>

<li><a href="Dipyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipyrone">Dipyrone</a></li>

<li><a href="Isopyrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopyrin">Isopyrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxyphenbutazone" title="Oxyphenbutazone">Oxyphenbutazone</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenylbutazone" title="Phenylbutazone">Phenylbutazone</a>; Enolic acids (oxicams): <a href="Ampiroxicam" title="Ampiroxicam">Ampiroxicam</a></li>

<li><a href="Droxicam" title="Droxicam">Droxicam</a></li>

<li>Enolicam</li>

<li><a href="Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li>

<li><a href="Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li>

<li><a href="Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li>

<li><a href="Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a>; 4-Aminoquinolines: <a href="Antrafenine" title="Antrafenine">Antrafenine</a></li>

<li><a href="Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li>

<li><a href="Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a>; Quinazolines: <a href="Fluproquazone" title="Fluproquazone">Fluproquazone</a></li>

<li><a href="Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a>; Aminonicotinic acids: <a href="Clonixeril" class="mw-redirect" title="Clonixeril">Clonixeril</a></li>

<li><a href="Clonixin" title="Clonixin">Clonixin</a></li>

<li><a href="Flunixin" title="Flunixin">Flunixin</a>; Sulfonanilides: Flosulide</li>

<li><a href="Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a>; Aminophenols (anilines): <a href="Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a></li>

<li><a href="AM404" title="AM404">AM-404 (N-arachidonoylaminophenol)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a></li>

<li><a href="Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li>

<li>Parapropamol</li>

<li><a href="Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a></li>

<li><a href="Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a>; Selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs): <a href="Apricoxib" title="Apricoxib">Apricoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Cimicoxib" title="Cimicoxib">Cimicoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Deracoxib" title="Deracoxib">Deracoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Firocoxib" title="Firocoxib">Firocoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Mavacoxib" title="Mavacoxib">Mavacoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Polmacoxib" title="Polmacoxib">Polmacoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Robenacoxib" title="Robenacoxib">Robenacoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Tilmacoxib" title="Tilmacoxib">Tilmacoxib</a></li>

<li><a href="Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a>; Others/unsorted: <a href="Anitrazafen" title="Anitrazafen">Anitrazafen</a></li>

<li>Clobuzarit</li>

<li><a href="Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a></li>

<li><a href="Flumizole" title="Flumizole">Flumizole</a></li>

<li><a href="Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></li>

<li>Itazigrel</li>

<li><a href="Licofelone" title="Licofelone">Licofelone</a></li>

<li><a href="Menatetrenone" title="Menatetrenone">Menatetrenone (vitamin K2)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pamicogrel" title="Pamicogrel">Pamicogrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li>

<li>Romazarit</li>

<li><a href="Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Rutecarpine" title="Rutecarpine">Rutecarpine</a></li>

<li>Satigrel</li>

<li><a href="Tenidap" title="Tenidap">Tenidap</a></li>

<li>Tiflamizole</li>

<li>Timegadine</li>

<li>Trifenagrel</li>

<li>Tropesin</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_D_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin D synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin D synthase">PGD2S</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin D synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Retinoid" title="Retinoid">Retinoids</a></li>

<li> (<a href="Selenium_tetrachloride" title="Selenium tetrachloride">selenium tetrachloride</a>, <a href="Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">sodium selenite</a>, <a href="Selenium_disulfide" title="Selenium disulfide">selenium disulfide</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_E_synthase" title="Prostaglandin E synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin E synthase">PGES</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin E synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">HQL-79</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostaglandin_F_synthase" title="Prostaglandin F synthase"><abbr title="Prostaglandin F synthase">PGFS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostaglandin F synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Bimatoprost" title="Bimatoprost">Bimatoprost</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Prostacyclin_synthase" title="Prostacyclin synthase"><abbr title="Prostacyclin synthase">PGI2S</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Prostacyclin synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Thromboxane_A_synthase" class="mw-redirect" title="Thromboxane A synthase"><abbr title="Thromboxane A synthase">TXAS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thromboxane A synthase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Camonagrel</li>

<li>Dazmegrel</li>

<li><a href="Dazoxiben" title="Dazoxiben">Dazoxiben</a></li>

<li><a href="Furegrelate" title="Furegrelate">Furegrelate</a></li>

<li>Isbogrel</li>

<li>Midazogrel</li>

<li>Nafagrel</li>

<li>Nicogrelate</li>

<li><a href="Ozagrel" title="Ozagrel">Ozagrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Picotamide" title="Picotamide">Picotamide</a></li>

<li>Pirmagrel</li>

<li>Ridogrel</li>

<li>Rolafagrel</li>

<li>Samixogrel</li>

<li><a href="Terbogrel" title="Terbogrel">Terbogrel</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Precursors: <a href="Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Gamma-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Linolenic acid">γ-Linolenic acid (gamolenic acid)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dihomo-%CE%B3-linolenic_acid" title="Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid">Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacylglycerol</a></li>

<li><a href="Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_G2" title="Prostaglandin G2">Prostaglandin G2</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostaglandin_H2" title="Prostaglandin H2">Prostaglandin H2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dd>Receptor/signaling modulators</dd>

<dd>Leukotriene signaling modulators</dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thyroid_hormone_receptor_modulators405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thyroid_hormone_receptor_modulators405" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Thyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Thyroid hormone receptor">Thyroid hormone receptor</a> <a href="Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> (<a href="Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="THRTooltip_Thyroid_hormone_receptor402" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Thyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Thyroid hormone receptor"><abbr title="Thyroid hormone receptor">THR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thyroid hormone receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agonists60" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dextrothyroxine" title="Dextrothyroxine">Dextrothyroxine</a></li>

<li>DIMIT</li>

<li>DITPA</li>

<li><a href="Levothyroxine" title="Levothyroxine">Levothyroxine</a></li>

<li><a href="Liothyronine" title="Liothyronine">Liothyronine</a></li>

<li><a href="Liotrix" title="Liotrix">Liotrix</a></li>

<li><a href="Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">Thyroxine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiratricol" title="Tiratricol">Tiratricol (TRIAC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">Triiodothyronine</a></li>

<li><a href="Desiccated_thyroid_extract" title="Desiccated thyroid extract">Thyroid extract</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Thyromimetic" title="Thyromimetic">Thyromimetics</a> (selective agonists)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eprotirome" title="Eprotirome">Eprotirome (KB-2115)</a></li>

<li><a href="Resmetirom" title="Resmetirom">Resmetirom</a></li>

<li><a href="Sobetirome" title="Sobetirome">Sobetirome (GC-1, GRX-431)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (Tetrac)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a> (<a href="Transporter_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Transporter blocker">blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NISTooltip_Sodium-iodide_symporter412" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Sodium-iodide_symporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-iodide symporter"><abbr title="Sodium-iodide symporter">NIS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sodium-iodide symporter  </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Inhibitors: <a href="Cyanogenic_glycoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycoside">Cyanogenic glycosides</a></li>

<li><a href="Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">Perchlorates</a> (e.g., <a href="Potassium_perchlorate" title="Potassium perchlorate">potassium perchlorate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Pertechnetate" title="Pertechnetate">Pertechnetates</a> (e.g., <a href="Sodium_pertechnetate" title="Sodium pertechnetate">sodium pertechnetate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanates</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a> (<a href="Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Thyroid_peroxidase" title="Thyroid peroxidase"><abbr title="Thyroid peroxidase">TPO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Thyroid peroxidase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Inhibitors: <a href="Benzylthiouracil" title="Benzylthiouracil">Benzylthiouracil</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbimazole" title="Carbimazole">Carbimazole</a></li>

<li><a href="Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li>

<li><a href="Methimazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Methimazole">Methimazole</a></li>

<li><a href="Methylthiouracil" title="Methylthiouracil">Methylthiouracil</a></li>

<li><a href="Propylthiouracil" title="Propylthiouracil">Propylthiouracil</a></li>

<li><a href="2-Thiouracil" title="2-Thiouracil">2-Thiouracil</a></li>

<li><a href="Thiourea" title="Thiourea">Thiourea</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em;;text-align:center;"><a href="Iodothyronine_deiodinase" title="Iodothyronine deiodinase"><abbr title="Iodothyronine deiodinase">DIO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Iodothyronine deiodinase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Inhibitors: <a href="Dexpropranolol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexpropranolol">Dexpropranolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Iopanoic_acid" title="Iopanoic acid">Iopanoic acid</a></li>

<li><a href="Ipodate_sodium" title="Ipodate sodium">Ipodate sodium (sodium iopodate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Propylthiouracil" title="Propylthiouracil">Propylthiouracil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li>

<li><a href="Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">Iodine-131</a></li>

<li><a href="Thyroglobulin" title="Thyroglobulin">Thyroglobulin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>See also: Receptor/signaling modulators</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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